Applied International Trade Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Applied International Trade Management - Essay Example Production and distribution of goods and services are the main reason that is contributing to the growth of the port in recent times. Auckland is the largest centre for manufacturing and can be treated as a distribution hub. Trade has been considered as the engine of economic growth that drives the well-being of people in nations. This is particularly the reason for which Auckland’s economy has grown at a greater rate compared to New Zealand for the last ten years (Auckland City Government, â€Å"Driving forces in the Auckland region†). The rise in economic activity has been coupled with the rise in consumerism in the area. The high rates of employment in Auckland mainly in regions of metal production and manufacturing industries have increased the level of disposable income. This in turn, has raised the level of consumer spending by stimulating the demand for goods and services. The general increase in the demand of consumption goods in turn, fuels trade and the role of the port becomes crucial. The role of ports in supply chain management has increased in the recent times. Researchers have pointed out that, ports have played an important role in the co-ordination of information and material flows. This is because; ports play a centre of transhipment and can be considered as an important part in the supply chain. Ports can only become good logistics platform if they work in multiple directions by taking into account the interest of the sender and receiver of goods (Carbone and Martino 305-320). The Ports of Auckland Limited is constantly striving to improve its role in the supply chain management. POAL has taken a crucial role in the sharing of information, providing pre-advice for online export, providing facilities of vehicle booking system and off-wharf hubs. Adaptation of these technologies has reduced the average cargo handling time at the port thereby, enhancing the efficiency of the system. The

Research paper on Armenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research paper on Armenia - Essay Example In this paper, we will focus on the historical contexts of Armenia. With that, we mean that we will delve into the historical times of the country and what cultural attachments there are for us to see and understand from in the context of Armenia as a historical state. Whilst on the topic of research for this paper, we find that Armenia as a nation has never found things going easily for herself. There have been invasions, troubles, and battles all around which have marred the historical significance of the country nonetheless. Armenia since prehistoric times has been proposed as the Garden of Eden as it is surrounded by the Biblical mountains of the Ararat. The Armenian highlands are credited as being as first ones in the world to have any traces of human civilization. The capital of Armenia, Yerevan has founded in the year 782 BC and is a rich splendor when the talk rises up concerning the heritage of human civilizations. Orontid Dynasty is known as the first kingdom which was formed within Armenia and this had its fair share under the different dynasties that actually existed within the time until 428 AD. This kingdom became one of the most powerful ones between 95 and 66 BC. There were periods of independence which were enjoyed by Armenia during this time as well as autonomy was there for the rulers to enjoy during the dynasty. The dynasty thus can easily suggest to us the sort of aura Armenia had for its countrymen and women yet it failed to live up to the historians’ expectations in the matter that there were troubles looming all around.

Leisure Tourism in Nepal

Leisure Tourism in Nepal Introduction The United Nations World Tourism Organisation, (UNWTO), undoubtedly the most influential international tourism organisation, describes tourists as â€Å"people who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited†. (Richards Hall, 2000, P 36) Whilst this rather complex interpretation does not do justice to itinerant and obsessive travellers, or to the thousands of young westerners who live for months on the beaches and mountain resorts of alien countries, it effectively narrows down tourism to a short or medium term self funded leisure activity in foreign, unknown, strange or unfamiliar environs. Sharpley’s definition of tourism as a phenomenon of modern society, (1994) whilst being apt with regard to timeline, does not also do justice to this seething and volatile activity, the largest and possibly the most complex organised process in today’s world. Tourism is widely known to be not just the world’s largest business but also its principal employer. It accounts for practically 8 % of global GDP and continues to grow at a clip of 4 %, despite its massive base. (Richards Hall, 2000) Millions of people all over the world, from the largest metropolises to the remotest hamlets, depend upon tourism for their livelihood, opening up their countries and towns to enable people from other countries and cultures to come and gain touristic experiences. Tourism, since the inception of the concept, has primarily been associated with the desires of affluent citizens of advanced nations to go out of their ordinary places of residence for experiential activities that provide emotional and physical satisfaction. (Richards Hall, 2000) Even though tourism has constantly been viewed as a self indulgent activity, its phenomenal increase and adoption by all affluent societies has led to the creation of a multi billion dollar octopus like activity; one with numerous tentacles in different activities and places. (Richards Hall, 2000) Leisure tourism has witnessed a dramatic upsurge in the last few decades, driven by (a) steadily increasing incomes and discretionary spending powers in the advanced and industrialising nations, (b) cheaper air travel, (c) strong western currencies, (d) globalisation, (e) the emergence and consolidation of a unipolar world, and (f) the opening up of numerous tourism destinations and experiences. (Mowforth Munt, 2003) As such, whilst tourism has expanded phenomenally in recent years, the reasons for this phenomenon possibly lie in a number of modern day happenings that have come together for the expression of latent but previously existing desires. The fact that a modern day occurrence, can, in a matter of decades become the world’s largest activity also belies any simple definition or explanation. (Mowforth Munt, 2003) The complexity of tourism can be gauged from the number of activities and businesses it encompasses, including, among other things, different modes of transport, varieties of accommodation, choices of cuisines and eating ambiences, range of activities, and innumerable players. Touristic pursuits are now becoming segmented into different areas like culinary, cultural, historical, health, wildlife, sex, and outdoor adventure activities. (Richards Hall, 2000) Out door adventure pursuits are again further subdivided into a plethora of activities like trekking, mountaineering, mountain and flat land cycling, para-gliding, and white water rafting. (Richards Hall, 2000) Driven by changing lifestyles, these activities are becoming increasingly popular with more and more people wishing to experience more rewarding leisure experiences. (Richards Hall, 2000) Countries with natural resources conducive to outdoor sports have naturally started leveraging their resources to take advantage of this upsurge in interest. Australia and New Zealand, for example, have taken adventure tourism to new levels by building facilities and infrastructure that not only showcase the country’s natural beauty but allow visitors to participate safely in a range of outdoor activities. (Mowforth Munt, 2003) Whilst these countries have been able to exploit their resources successfully, other nations, equally rich in natural beauty, have been unable to fulfil or even come near their potential in attracting leisure or adventure tourism traffic. Nepal, a nation state tucked away in the Himalayas between China and India is a land of unimaginable beauty, grandeur, and ruggedness, and is ideal for leisure and adventure tourism. The country has attracted considerable leisure tourism interest from Europe and the UK and a number of British tourism companies have tried to set up operations in the state, especially in areas relating to white water rafting, mountaineering, and adventure trekking. Whilst disturbed political conditions during the last few years had led to a significant decrease in tourist arrivals, recent developments involving the formation and installation of a democratic government have now resulted in more stable conditions and an upsurge in tourism interest. (Basu Riaz, 2007) This assignment deals with Nepal’s attractiveness as a White Water Rafting and Leisure Tourism destination, its current position as a tourist attraction, and the various initiatives that need to be taken at the private and public level to attract visitors and promote tourism on a sustainable basis. Commentary and Analysis White Water Rafting Rafting is widely accepted by historians to be one of the most primitive modes of water transportation. The activity evolved thousands of years ago when humans started using water currents for transportation by roping wooden logs into platforms for floating downstream. Rafts have changed little over the centuries and even today represent small flat bottomed floating vessels without engines or sails, dependent fully upon water currents and oars for forward propulsion. (Robinson, 2004) Rafts are nowadays made of specially manufactured thick plastic or fabric. (Robinson, 2004) The material is multi layered, adequately waterproofed, and stitched or fused into inflatable multi chambered rubber vessels with flat bottoms and short sides. (Robinson, 2004) Not large in size, modern day rafts are less than 20 feet long, about 6 to 8 feet wide, and can seat a maximum of 12 people. (Robinson, 2004) Being inflatable they can be easily transported over long distances and are economical to buy and maintain. (Robinson, 2004) White water rafting (WWR) originated a couple of decades ago with the use of these rafts by pleasure seekers for rushing down swiftly flowing mountain streams. (Robinson, 2004) The turbulence of mountain streams and rivers, the feel of spray in the face, the froth, the foam, and the association with danger, combine to make rafting a thrilling and enjoyable proposition. (Robinson, 2004) WWR has gained significantly in popularity and is now available across the globe. Involving trips to distant places with the opportunity to participate in intrinsically enjoyable outdoor activity, WWR makes for an ideal group, individual and family pursuit and is open to all reasonably healthy people. (Robinson, 2004) WWR expeditions last from a few hours to days, depending upon the stretch of available water, and often incorporate outdoor camping, tent accommodation, barbecues and spits next to the river at night, and local cultural shows. â€Å"Though river rafting once was thought akin to slaying dragons, the sport has grown dramatically in the last two decades, pursued on more than 145 rivers around the country, according to David Brown, director of America Outdoors, a trade association. But trends in rafting are steering away from expeditions designed for thrill-seekers and toward family-style trips and one-day float outings† (Cooke Haggerty, 1996) Safety is obviously of paramount importance for WWR and rafters use specific gear including helmets and inflatable vests. (Robinson, 2004) Getting thrown off the raft is common during turbulent stretches and rafters are provided with detailed instructions before the commencement of trips. Extremely stormy conditions increase the risk of such occurrences as well as the chances of being swept downstream. Water stretches used for rafting are categorised in accordance with the level of danger involved, levels 1 to 3 being mild stretches ideal for beginners and levels 4 to 6 being rough and meant for experienced rafters. (Robinson, 2004) The significant increase in WWR activity over the last two decades has been attributed by social researchers to a number of factors, which include its widespread availability and manageable costs, the opportunities it provides for group and family bonding, and the growing increase in interest in outdoor activity. It is also associated with the pleasure people obtain out of escaping from urban work and life tensions, the proximity to natural beauty, ruggedness and majesty, and the adrenalin rush that comes from exciting physical activity. Rowlands (2008) feels that the popularity of the activity is due mostly to it being high on adrenalin, medium on fitness, and low on cost. Recent innovations like the designing and fitment of special seats on rafts for people who can not use their lower limbs indicate the spreading popularity of the activity. â€Å"Weve got special seats on rafts adapted for people who dont have use of their lower limbs. The seat helps to stabilise you in the raft, gives extra support and has quick-release straps so you can get out quickly if necessary. People with sight or hearing difficulties also come rafting with us its a really inclusive activity.†(Rowlands, 2008) The low cost of setting up rafting facilities (expenditure comprising largely of investment in reasonably low priced equipment, and trained instructors and guides) is also a major reason for the mushrooming of WWR activity, more so in developing nations where local entrepreneurs and nature enthusiasts are otherwise hindered by lack of capital and resources. (Robinson, 2004) Improvement in communication, greater information availability, and cheaper air travel costs have also contributed enormously to the growing popularity of WWR. Cheaper air travel has enabled tourists to travel to distant destinations even during short holidays and it is now common for Britishers, Americans, and citizens of other affluent countries to engage in intercontinental travel for tourism experiences that could last even lesser than a week. The plethora of information available over the internet has brought information about hitherto exotic and distant locations into the common realm of knowledge and the av ailability of online booking facilities for airline tickets, hotel accommodation and tourism experiences has empowered tourists to act on their own and undertake trips at short notice without the involvement of travel agents. Tourism experts feel that the interest in WWR activity is bound to increase in future, given its many appealing features and possibility of the opening up of numerous fresh locales. (Robinson, 2004) White Water Rafting in Nepal Nepal, a small Himalayan nation state currently undergoing a difficult transition from a monarchy to a democratic republic, has among the most abundant mountaineering and WRR resources in the world. Home to 8 out of the world’s highest 14mountain peaks, the country nestles in majestic mountain country. (Welcome to Nepal, 2008) It is abundantly fed by swiftly flowing rivers, covered with dense forests, and is home to an incredible range of flora and fauna. (Welcome to Nepal, 2008) Connected by air and road the country is not difficult to access and is normally reached after a stopover in a major Indian city. (Welcome to Nepal, 2008) Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal is a remarkably tourist friendly city; rich in cosmopolitanism, culinary variety, and culture, and was a major backpacker and mountaineering destination even a few years ago. Local entrepreneurs along with British and European companies have started promoting Nepal as a strong WWR destination and a number of its river s are being used for rafting trips. Appendix 1 provides details about various Nepalese rivers and the duration of WWR trips possible on each of them. Approximately 61 companies service Nepal’s tourism industry, which in turn provides employment to thousands of Nepalese citizens. (Nepal Association of Rafting Agents, 2008) Despite its enormous tourism resources and its friendly people, Nepal has in recent years been beset with large scale peace and order problems caused by agitating Maoists and other anti monarchists. (Basu Riaz, 2007) The installation of an elected government in 2006 has led to a cessation of large scale violence and whilst civil strife and unrest is yet to cease completely the situation is steadily moving towards normalcy. (Basu Riaz, 2007) Various European and North American governments still have negative travel advisories for their citizens wishing to travel to Nepal. The Canadian government, for example, advises its citizens to exercise great caution whilst visiting Nepal. â€Å"You should evaluate carefully the implications for your security and safety before deciding to travel to Nepal.Canadians in Nepal should maintain a high level of personal security awareness at all times due to the unpredictable safety situation. Following an intense period of unrest and armed conflict, the political and security situation remains fragile and volatile.† (Travel Report Nepal, 2008) Nepalese WWR providers have however started work on rebuilding awareness in Europe and the UK about facilities available for rafting on Nepalese mountain streams and rivers. The Nepalese Association of Rafting Agents has in fact recently concluded the 7th Himalayan White Water Challenge. (Nepal Association of Rafting Agents, 2008) Held in November 2007 in association with Peak UK, an English White Water and Kayaking Equipment Company, the event was designed as a multi disciplinary one boat competition that combined extreme slalom and river running skills with down river speed and free style action. (Nepal Association of Rafting Agents, 2008) Combining state of the art forms of slalom and head to head racing, the event drew 80 international and 30 local participants and turned out to be a huge success, despite the troubled state of the country and the somewhat inclement weather. (Nepal Association of Rafting Agents, 2008) Whilst the successful holding of the event should help in bring ing back WWR enthusiasts to Nepal in the coming season, much still needs to be done to make WWR and allied tourism activities in the country truly self sustaining and beneficial for the local population. Challenges and Hazards before Nepal’s WWR Tourism Activity Even as a modern and democratic Nepal tries to reengage with the global community after nearly a decade of unrest and isolation, it will need to put in extraordinary efforts to rebuild its inward tourism activity on a sustainable basis if it is to ensure protection of its environment and the passing of tourism benefits to the local population. Tourism has been the subject of endless research and discussion in recent years. Even as hoteliers, airline operators, travel agents, keepers of historical sites, designers and operators of amusement parks and other touristic activities, and the numerous other operators have striven to provide better and differentiated offerings, the industry has been criticised for sharpening income divides, creating low skill employment, causing large scale environmental degradation, generating pockets of work as well as income divides in scarcity ridden areas, and for being one of the chief causes of greenhouse emissions. (Robinson, 2004) Debate has raged over other aspects of tourism especially the impact of modernism and postmodernism on the evolution of the business. Thinkers like MacCannell, Sharpley, Ritzer and Liska have raised a number of issues about existing tourism practices, introduced postmodernist concepts, and stressed the need to bring in far reaching changes in government attitudes and public policy in dealing with the issue. Postmodern views on tourism encompass various perspectives, including the imperative need to make tourism sustainable. A major global initiative in this regard came about in 2002 when representatives of inbound and outbound tour operators, emerging entrepreneurs in the tourism industry, national parks, provincial conservation authorities, all spheres of government, tourism professionals, tourism authorities, NGOs and hotel groups and other tourism stakeholders, from 20 countries in Africa, North and South America, Europe and Asia came together in Cape Town to consider the issue of responsible tourism and agreed to a number of actions. (Responsible Tourism in Destinations, 2002) These included adoption of a number of processes that aimed at inculcating responsibility in tourism. Conference members agreed to (a) minimise negative economic, environmental, and social impacts, generate greater economic benefits for local people and enhance the well-being of host communities, (b) improve working conditions and access to the industry, (c) involve local people in decisions that affect their lives and life ch ances, (d) make positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, (e) maintain the worlds diversity, (f) provide more enjoyable experiences for tourists through more meaningful connections with local people, and a greater understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issues, (g) provide access for physically challenged people and (h) engender respect between tourists and hosts, and (i) build local pride and confidence. (Responsible Tourism in Destinations, 2002) WWR and associated touristic activities in Nepal have the potential of causing severe damage to the environment through large scale littering of river banks, cutting and burning of forest resource, spillage of diesel and petroleum products in rivers, destruction of local flora and fauna, and spoilage of natural habitat and biodiversity. Tourism authorities in Nepal along with local tourism operators need to ensure that increase in WWR tourism does not harm the environment and is able to bring about real benefits to the local population. Marketing of Nepal as a WWR destination WWR activities, like other touristic pursuits, are mainly concerned with optimal utilisation of leisure time and characterised by â€Å"a sense of separation from the everyday world, feelings of intense pleasure, freedom of choice, spontaneity, timelessness, fantasy, adventure and self-realization.† (Otto and Ritchie, 1996, p 54) Leisure is also associated with six conditions, namely intrinsic satisfaction, perceived freedom, involvement, arousal, mastery and spontaneity, and also characterized by two forms of risk, functional and psychosocial. (Otto and Ritchie, 1996) It contributes to strong feelings of camaraderie and mental bonding, especially when tourists take part in group activities, be they harmless sightseeing tours or riskier mountaineering or white water rafting expeditions. (Otto and Ritchie, 1996) Tourism can also be categorised in two dimensions, existential, representing satisfaction, freedom, involvement, pleasure and reward as well as structural, which deals with physical tasks and an element of external enforcement like, e.g., visits to safari parks or the undertaking of supervised hill climbing expeditions. (Otto and Ritchie, 1996) A number of tourism experiences have greater or lesser elements of risk. (Otto and Ritchie, 1996) As such, tourists subconsciously deal with a number of psychological and social issues while making a tourism choice. (Otto and Ritchie, 1996) As these perspectives are also not readily transferable to managerial activity to prompt suitable decisions, most marketers of tourism tend to focus on discrete service quality factors and tend to ignore the various psychological factors that are closely related to leisure activities. (Otto and Ritchie, 1996) Concentration only on the technical aspects of WWR and ignoring various involved emotions will lead to an inadequate understanding of the true nature of consumer satisfaction and the true extent of satisfaction with a tourism experience. It is evident that proper and holistic marketing of WWR activity for Nepal must address the total needs of the prospective traveller, which comprise not only of objective and physically quantifiable components but also of emotional and subjective parts that do not lend themselves to physical quantification, but are nevertheless important components of a total leisure experience. WWR tourism in Nepal will depend upon a complex amalgam of a number of service industries as well as on the efficiency and ability of primary service providers like Travel Agents, Tour Operators, the Airlines, and the Hotels as also local guides, leisure activity experts, transporters, restaurants and shopping infrastructures at major Nepalese cities. The political stability, the government controlling the affairs of the tourism destination, and the nodal tourism agency play very important roles in the effective marketing of a tourist destination. (Klenosky and Gitelson, 1998) A primary market audit of Nepalese tourism reveals that inward travellers mostly come in from India and whilst the majority of visitors are Indians, the country also attracts adventure tourism aficionados from the western countries and religious tourists from South East Asia. Whilst the country was experiencing increasing tourism arrivals until the late 1990s, recent years have seen a decline due to unstable political conditions. The most popular tourism destinations are Kathmandu and Pokhra, both of which are near WWR starting points. Most of the tourists who come at present are in search of mountain and jungle holidays. Nepal is situated on the Northern border of India, and many visitors nowadays prefer to engage in WWR and allied activities in the neighbouring country. A PEST analysis indicates that the country is on its way to becoming a stable and peaceful democracy. The government is committed to increasing tourism and has a tourist friendly approach. Whilst there is a local Maoist threat, terrorist activity is still absent and the country has not experienced bombings like those that occurred in London, Madrid, Bali or Bombay. Nepal is a developing nation and tourism is its largest service industry. The number of hotel beds is growing and whilst there are numerous travel agents, few are of significance. Katmandu has many WWR and car rental services as well as numerous bars, restaurants and cafes. Nepal has in the past been a Hindu kingdom and is progressing towards becoming a secular democracy. Whilst it is technologically backward it has enormous natural and religious touristic resources. As the birthplace of the Buddha it attracts visitors from all over east and Southeast Asia. A SWOT analysis shows that Nepal has very strong WWR resources. It has an accessible location and is proximal to both India and China. It has magnificent mountains, crystal clear rivers and immensely varied wildlife and forestry resources. The country has a strong tradition of history and culture, friendly people and a reasonably developed tourism industry. It has good air connections, proper roads, comfortable hotels, taxi services, restaurants, cafes, and bars. Prices are far lesser than in major European countries, and holidays in Nepal are economical and provide value for money. The country has a poor railway system and sanitation and drinking water facilities are inadequate. Ecommerce in the tourism industry has not developed in line with that of European countries and online bookings are available only for a few hotels. A perusal of tourism websites indicates that marketing of tourism is weak compared to that of western nations and most visitors are not affluent. Average days spent by tourists in Nepal as well as money spends are low. Most arrivals are during the summer months and there is underutilisation in the lean periods. Language barriers also pose a problem for tourists to access services. The tourism industry has opportunities to increase off-season business and step up the number of arrivals in the cold winter months. There is great scope to increase cultural and historical tourism because of the availability of significant historical resource. Efforts to step up visits of more affluent tourists and arrange for longer visits through introduction of structured tours can also boost tourism earnings significantly. Underdevelopment of infrastructure could encourage tourists to go to other locations. Low-income tourists are very liable to change their mind and move to other locations at short notices and this threat will continue until the income profile of tourists’ changes. Very little information is available on market segmentation and growth has been organic. Recommendations and Conclusion Opportunities to increase tourist arrivals and promote Nepal as a WWR tourist and leisure destination are immense. It is evident from the SWOT analysis and the available data that the country has numerous underdeveloped areas, which if properly addressed can improve the quantity, and quality of tourist flows significantly. Tourism efforts should focus upon positioning Nepal as a WWR destination through a combination of interconnected and complementary set of attractions that provide tourists with an interesting and enjoyable value proposition; in this case a mix of WWR, interesting culture, novel cuisine, historic sites, lovely climate, gorgeous mountains, extravagant jungles, and a range of mountain and hill oriented outdoor activity. Marketing efforts will need to be provided through a mix of various suppliers who combine together to offer the tourism experience, i.e., the local tourism body, tour operators, airlines, hotels, taxi operators, WWR services, restaurants, cafes and guides. The tourism body needs to co-ordinate with all service providers to ensure improvement in services as well as adoption of a common marketing approach. The co coordinating body needs to develop value propositions that will appeal to various market segments, e.g. the low budget tourist, the affluent visitor, people desirous of WWR or mountaineering holidays, historical and cultural experiences or a mix of both. These value propositions need further development to form visitor activity packages that will satisfy the subjective and objective demands of tourists. A complex branding exercise for the complete tourism experience as well as its components like WWR needs development and implementation. The country has various touristic experiences on offer that have their unique appeal and need distinguishing and highlighting. Brand development is a complex exercise and must encompass the physical aspects of Nepalese holidays, cultural components, historical sites and the fun aspect of the total tourism package on offer. The country has extremely inadequate infrastructural facilities like train services, competent local tour operators, drinking water availability, waste disposal systems, and availability of guides with knowledge of foreign languages. The Nepalese authorities need to encourage and catalyse various initiatives, private, public and private-public partnerships that aim to improve the quality of infrastructure. In addition to improvement of basic tourism infrastructure WWR activity will be well served by improvement in the quality of guides and operators, introduction of mandatory safety requirements, and dissemination of information about the different WWR options. The tendency of tourists to avoid tour operators wherever possible and organise their tourism experiences on their own is increasing constantly, especially in the USA and Europe. It is essential that the parties involved in marketing WWR in Nepal should arrange for strong on line presence, including payment options. E Commerce gives rise to enormous possibilities to increase the value proposition of the tourism experience through different tourism sectors like WWR operators joining restaurants and cafes to offer discounts, free meals, entry and other benefits. Apart from setting up these initiatives the introduction of a practical monitoring system to assess progress in various areas will also help enormously in effectively marketing Nepal as a major tourism and WWR destination. Appendix 1 Rivers Suitable for WWR in Nepal (Nepal Association of Rafting Agents, 2008) Serial Name of River Duration of Rafting Trips in days 1 Trishuli 1 to 3 2 Seti 2 3 Bhote Koshi 2 4 Kali Gandki 3 5 Marshvangdi 4 6 Sun Koshi 7 to 9 7 Arun Up to 9 8 Karnali Up to 10 9 Tamur Up to 11 Word Count: 4428 Bibliography Ansoff, I, 2005, Strategic Choice, Management Centre, Retrieved December 17, 2006 from www.managementcentre.co.uk/knowledgebase/pdf/Ansoff%20-%20July%2005.pdf Basu, S and Riaz, A, 2007, Paradise Lost, Lexington Books. Beckman, T. N., Davidson, W. R, 1967 Marketing, New York: Ronald Press Co. Bloodgood, J. M., Bauerschmidt, A. (2002), Competitive Analysis: Do Managers Accurately Compare Their Firms to Competitors?. Journal of Managerial Issues, 14(4), 418+ Bright, A. D, 2000, The Role of Social Marketing in Leisure and Recreation Management. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 12 Brown, T. L, 1996, The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal: A Political History. London: Routledge Cooke, A. Z., Haggerty, S, 1996, July 1, The Original White Water: During the Last 20 Years, River Rafting Has Evolved from a Sport for Thrill Seekers to Family Fun. Insight on the News, 12, 40+ Houston, P. D, 1998, November, Navigating Dangerous White Water Together. School Administrator, 55, 69 Klenosky, D and Gitelson, R, 1998, Travel agents destination recommendations, Annals of tourism research, Vol. 25, No. 3, Pgs 661-674 Lazer, W, 1971, Marketing Management: A Systems Perspective, New York: Joh

The Roman Military :: essays research papers fc

The strength of the Roman military was the string that held the Roman Empire together for as long as it lasted. The military was made up of strictly disciplined men whom were ready and willing to serve their emperor. The Legions Outward appearance was extremely important to the Romans and the first thing that new recruits learned was to march in perfect form. Once they knew how to march they were then assigned to the legions in which they would remain for the next 20 years of service. (the book) The legions were made up of between 5000 and 5500 men. In a legion there were 10 Cohorts and in those Cohorts there were 6 Centuries. Auxiliary troops, although not usually counted as part of a legion, were part of a legion and could raise the number of men from around 5000 to 6000. The number of legions active in the empire was consistently between 25 and 33. (internet, http://museum.simplenet.com/rome/military/military.htm) The average year for auxiliaries to serve was 25 years or less. After about 20 years in the legions they â€Å"graduated† to a veteran cohort, and continued service there for about 5 years. The soldiers who completed their 25 years of military service to Rome were given a â€Å"diplomaâ €  made of bronze. It was actually a record of their service throughout the years and a copy was kept in soldier’s files in Rome. (the book) Equipment and Supplies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soldiers were forced to live like turtles, carrying their â€Å"homes† (tents and such) along with them in battle. Their equipment was also a hassle, but protected them well in battle. It consisted of mainly helmets and shields. They also carried personal equipment such as shoes, belts, over garments, etc. A soldier had to carry his weapons and artillery with him as well. He had spears, pilums, and pikes to be heaved at enemies. Pilums are spear like weapons that would be thrown at enemies in an attempt to pierce them through their shields. Gladiuses (swords) and Pugios (daggers) were the common hand held weapons. The Gladius was the perfect weapon for the legions because of their light weight and maneuverability. The Pugio was not only a weapon of war, but also had many common purposes.

Maps of Geology

There are different phenomena happening in the earth’s crust and some of those are the occurrence of folds and faults. Both phenomena are caused by forces like tension and compression. Folds are bends in the rock surfaces while Faults are fractures in the earth’s crust which allows blocks of rocks to move relative to one another. When this movement becomes rapid, it results to earthquakes (â€Å"What is a fault? ,† 2008). Since there are two blocks of rocks involved in a fault, the block which is above the fault plane is the Hanging-wall while the block below the fault plane is called the Footwall (Laske, 2006).There are three general types of faults: the Dip-slip, Strike-slip and the Oblique faults. A Dip-slip fault is a type of fault wherein the movement is vertical. Here, one block of rock moves up and the other moves down. In the Dip-slip fault, the fracture may be classified as either a Normal or a Reverse fault. For the Normal type, the Hanging-wall moves d own while the Footwall moves up. This type of fault is caused by tensional stress. Unlike the Normal type, the Reverse fault has a Hanging-wall that moves up and a Footwall that moves down.The force responsible for this fault is the compressional stress. A Strike-slip fault is a type of fault where the movement of the blocks is horizontal. Strike-slip faults can be classified according to the displacement of the block farther when viewed facing the fault line. If the displacement is to the left, then it is a left-lateral fault otherwise it is a right-lateral fault (Gore, 1996). As for faults exhibiting the vertical as well as the horizontal movement, those are classified as the Oblique type of fault (â€Å"What is a fault? ,† 2008).A famous right-lateral fault is the San Andreas Fault which involves the North American and Pacific plates. If this would continue its activity, there will be more earthquakes in the area and it is also possible that the two plates involved will be really far from each other as time Faults, Folds, Maps 3 comes (Fialko, 2006). With this, one should be really prepared because reported earthquakes in this area are dangerous. People there should be taught on how to deal with this type of situation. Mapping has already been an important part of society.Maps can show a lot of information about a place depending on what kind of map that is. One kind of map used is the Topographic map wherein contour lines are used to show the surface of the earth. These lines are imaginary lines with equal elevations that can be used for detailed features of an area like streets, vegetation and buildings (â€Å"Topographic Map Symbols,† 2005). Another kind of map used is the Geologic map. Unlike the Topographic map, this map’s concern is to show the geologic details of the area like locations of folds and faults and types of rock present.Also, geologic maps have distinctive colors which represent different geological units (â€Å"Geol ogic Maps,† 2000). Figure 1 is an illustration of a mountain and to be able to identify the slope of the land surface, one can use a Topographic map. If the contour lines that will be seen after mapping the area lie close to each other, the slope is steep otherwise; the land surface has a gradual slope (Rosenberg, 2007). Building a house in a location like that of the illustration may be hard but it may be possible if the location that will be chosen has rocks and soil that are stable and far from folds and fault lines.This is because one would not want a house built in a place with frequent earthquakes and can be easily ruined by landslides and the like. This may be done by mapping the area through a geologic map. Faults, Folds, Maps 4 Figure 1. An illustration of a cone of a former mountain. As said earlier, different phenomena are caused by different stresses. The compressional, shear and tensional stresses can help form structural features in rocks such as faults, dikes, s ills, and bedding planes. Locations for establishing a place also depends on these factors.Canmore community for example may have been established in its location because of that. Faults, Folds, Maps 5 References Fialko, Y. (2006). Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system. Nature, 441(June 22 2006), 968-971. Geologic Maps. (2000, September 25, 2000). Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://www. nature. nps. gov/geology/usgsnps/gmap/gmap1. html#color Gore, P. J. W. (1996). Faults. Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://facstaff. gpc. edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/faults. htm Laske, G. (2006). Earthquakes and Seismology.Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://quakeinfo. ucsd. edu/~gabi/erth15-06/Lecture06. html National Mapping Discipline, U. S. Geological Survey. Topographic Map Symbols. (2005). from http://erg. usgs. gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/ Rosenberg, M. (2007). Topographic Maps: An Overview of Topographic Maps [Electronic Ver sion]. Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://geography. about. com/od/topographicmaps/a/topographicmaps. htm UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory. What is a fault? (2008). Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://seismo. berkeley. edu/faq/fault_0. html

Owner-Manager Types Essay

Cranfield School of Management has been studying the behaviour of entrepreneurs and their relationship with key staff in some thousands of growing UK companies. Cranfield study has concluded that it is the entrepreneurs themselves who are the most likely to be the biggest stumbling block to the growth and development of their own company. Cranfield grouped entrepreneurs into four dominant types of relationship with their staff, mainly: Heroes, Artisans, Meddlers and Strategists. Past Cranfield studies shows that most small firms do not think very much about their future strategy. In fact, less than a third of small and medium enterprises across Europe set their objectives in terms of profit and margins. This is somewhat surprising as profit and profitability are the key measures of business success. However, as over two-thirds of owner-managed companies with a turnover of i 10 million do not have a plan at all, it should come as no surprise that few entrepreneurs are strategists. Other research has uncovered the shocking fact that 60 per cent of senior staff in small firms leave within two years of their appointment. Some of these early departures can be put down to poor recruitment. The researchers studied two important elements of this relationship. The first element studied was how much time the owner-manager spent on routine management tasks such as marketing, selling, analysing figures, reviewing budgets or arbitrating between managers. The second one examines what level of business skills has been attained by the key staff. Heroes Probably the Heroes undertake one management function such as sales or production. The Heroes’ time is now spent on managing the business. As the level of business skill throughout their employees is still relatively low, the Heroes will take the lead in starting routine management procedures. They will introduce ideas from the courses they attend to the firm and be the only persons who really understand them. That is the reason why they will be considered as Heroes from the rest of the employees. Unfortunately, this leads to the Heroes taking the Herculean role on their hands. In this case, allocating operations to the employees is relatively simple as the working skills in most businesses are either readily available in the local community or the people can be trained up without too much difficulty. On the other hand, passing out routine management tasks will almost always require that the owner or manager trains up his own management teams. There are few well trained managers available to the small company because of two main reasons. Firstly, the overall pool of such people is small as training in the small business sector until recently has been almost exclusively concentrated on the Entrepreneur. Secondly, well trained managers usually seek jobs in larger firms with more opportunities for advancement and more resources to practice the â€Å"art of management† on. The Heroes have a high capacity for improving the firm performance but still have low growth prospects when compared to their market. They have no time for strategic thinking and no depth of management to handle growth effectively. Artisans In the Cranfield model, the Artisans are characterized by low occupation with routine management tasks. The reason is that most of their time is spent producing a product or delivering a service. The level of business skills in the company is also low as most of the Artisan’s staff is employed helping in â€Å"production† or performing primary duties, such as book-keeping or selling. Artisans can include professional firms, such as architects and surveyors, manufacturers, sub-contractors or small building firms, owners of small retail chains such as chemists, video stores and proprietors of hotels and restaurants. Little time is available either for routine management tasks such as examining performance or reassessing methods. Every hour that can be sold is sold and little time is left over to either improve the quality or profitability of today’s business or to consider strategy for tomorrow. The Artisans have low growth prospects in relation to their market. Their training and development needs are to raise their awareness of the management significance as a business task of equal importance with daily revenue earning. Meddlers The Meddler increases the level of management skills either by training or recruitment but then fails to delegate routine management tasks. At this stage, according to the Cranfield model, the owner-managers probably have no operative responsibilities and have assumed the role of managing directors. Typically, they spend much time anticipating subordinates, introducing more refined, but largely unnecessary management systems. They also go on courses or read books that make them even more well-informed and sometimes better at routine management tasks than their own employees, who anyway are by now doing a perfectly satisfactory job of managing today’s business. They get in early and leave late and practice â€Å"management by walking about†. The Meddlers’ problem is that they cannot delegate routine management tasks because they feel useless. They have been used to a 70-90 hour week with only 10 days holiday each year. Once their management team is in place and trained, they are out of a job. Until they reduce their involvement with routine management tasks, they will limit the growth capacity of this firm for two reasons. Firstly, their management team will not take on more duties if the reward for taking on the last lot of responsibility was being irritated and criticised. Secondly, they are too busy checking on people to develop sound strategies for growth. Strategists The Strategists are the most desirable type of entrepreneurs to develop a growing business. They develop the management skills of their team to the highest appropriate level and in depth. They may introduce a staff duty to help their line managers in such areas as personnel and market research. This will free-up their key managers to think strategically too. They will dedicate roughly a third of their time to management tasks such as monitoring performance, co-ordinating activities, resolving conflict and helping to manage today’s business. A third of their time will be spent motivating, counselling, developing management teams and helping them to manage change. This activity is aimed at improving the existing business. The final third of their time will be devoted on developing strategic thinking to form the shape of the future business. Their training needs will be to continuously update their core leadership and motivation skills and to increase their depth of knowledge on strategic issues, acquisition or divestment activity and financing sources. Relationship between the Owner-Manager and His Key Staff in a Growing Firm The natural path of development for the relationship between the owner-manager and his team is to pass from Artisan to Hero to Meddler and for the lucky few to become Strategists. Why Family Businesses Die The family business is deeply rooted in the sense of pride of the owner like most of other forms. Schein (1998) said that this is reinforced by a desire for autonomy which forms part of the five â€Å"career anchors†. This becomes possible with the combination of vision, energy and dedication. Moorman and Halloran (1993) stated that there are more businesses that fail than they succeed in this competitive market place. Twenty-four from one hundred start-ups fail in the U. S. , within the first two years and more than sixty within the first six years. This happens due to lack of planning and preparation which is the most common reason. The second is the lack of creativity which is important to survive. Some businesses offering the same product may succeed because they are doing something better and more innovative than competition. The â€Å"Copy Cat† approach lacks creative skills to turn its product into a unique selling proposition. This can be harmful for family businesses.

Unforgiven movie paper essays

Unforgiven movie paper essays The 1992 best picture of the year, Unforgiven, is a tribute to the ever-popular western, it shows aspects of racism, feminism, ageism, and revenge, areas all coinciding with the society in 1992. Unforgiven was a highly acclaimed movie. It was nominated for 9 Academy Awards and won 4 for Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor, Best Director, and Best Film Editing. It showed a negligible amount of racism and showed the feminist ideals of the power of women collaborating and being successful in getting what they wanted. It explores a mans desire to kill in struggle with his love of a woman and how his attitudes and ideals were changed. The power of money to alter a persons behavior is also explored throughout the movie. The year of 1992 could have in no way hinted to the mass evil being displayed in the world right now. 1992 was a year where terrorism was at it lowest point in 20 years. The world seemed to be in harmony, as did William Munny, played by Clint Eastwood, for a portion of the movie. His wife, who had been passed for 3 years at the beginning of the movie, had rid him of his old murderous and scandalous ways. He had given up drinking and smoking, which were things he commonly associated with his past. This bares eerie resemblance to the world in 1992. The world had all come together for the Olympics and Bush and Yetsin had proclaimed an end to the Cold War, which represented the evil of the past but has now faded away to the history books. William Munnys past brings shame to him as you learn more about it in the later part of the movie. It shows him as a cruel murderer. He not only killed men, but was commonly known as a murderer of women and children. This image was changed by his love of a woman, but his past remained tarnished by this murderous image. She got him away from alcohol, drugs, murdering, and a life of sex with whores. She straightened him out for 8 years, but a tempting offer of 500 doll...

Learn How to Write a Professional News Story

Learn How to Write a Professional News Story Many students take journalism courses because they like to write, and many journalism courses focus on the craft of writing. But the great thing about news writing is that it follows a basic format. Learn that format, and youll be able to write news stories, whether youre a naturally talented writer or not. Writing Your Lede The most important part of any news story is the lede, which is the very first sentence of a news story. In it, the writer summarizes the most newsworthy points of the story in broad brushstrokes. If a lede is well-written, it will give the reader a basic idea of what the story is about, even if they skip over the rest of the story. Example: Two people died in a rowhouse fire in Northeast Philadelphia last night. See what I mean? From this ​lede, you get the basics: two people killed, rowhouse fire, and northeast Philadelphia. Now, theres obviously a lot more to this story. What caused the fire? Who was killed? What was the address of the rowhouse? And so on. Those details will be in the rest of the story. But the lede gives us the story in a nutshell. Beginners often have trouble figuring out what to put into a lede and what to leave out. Again, think in broad brushstrokes: Give the major points of the story, but leave the smaller details for later. The Five Ws and the H One way to figure out what goes into a lede is to use the five Ws and the H: who, what, where, when, why, and how. Who is the story about? What is it about? Where did it occur? And so on. Answer those questions in your lede, and youre covering all the bases. Sometimes, one of those answers will be more interesting than the rest. Lets say youre writing a story about a celebrity who dies in a car crash. Obviously, what makes the story interesting is the fact that a celebrity is involved. A car crash in and of itself is common. Unfortunately, thousands of people die in car crashes every year. So in this example, youll want to emphasize that who aspect of the story in your lede. But what about the rest of the story, the part that comes after the lede? News stories are written in the inverted pyramid format. Sounds weird, but all this means is that the most important information goes at the top, or the beginning of the story, and the least important stuff goes at the bottom. We do this for several reasons. First, readers have a limited amount of time and short attention spans, so it makes sense to put the most important news at the start of the story. Second, this format allows editors to shorten stories quickly on deadline if needed. Its much easier to trim a news story if you know the least important stuff is at the end. Basic News Format The other thing to remember? Keep your writing tight, and your stories relatively short. Say what you need to say in as few words as possible. One way to do this is to follow the S-V-O format, which stands for Subject-Verb-Object. To understand this concept, look at these two examples: She read the book. The book was read by her. Whats the difference between these two sentences? The first one is written in the S-V-O format: She (subject) read (verb) the book (object). As a result, the sentence is short and to the point (four words). And since the connection between the subject and the action shes taking is clear, the sentence has some life to it. You can picture a woman reading a book when you read the sentence. The second sentence, on the other hand, doesnt follow S-V-O. As a result, the connection between the subject and what shes doing has been severed. What youre left with is a sentence thats watery and unfocused. The second sentence is also two words longer than the first. Two words may not seem like a lot, but imagine cutting two words from every sentence in a 10-inch news article. Soon, it starts to add up. You can convey much more information using far fewer words with the S-V-O format.

Definition and examples of Alphabet

Definition and examples of Alphabet An alphabet is made up of the letters of a language, arranged in the order fixed by custom. Adjective: alphabetic. The basic principle of alphabetic writing is to represent a single sound (or phoneme) of a spoken language by a single letter. But as Johanna Drucker notes in The Alphabetic Labyrinth (1995), This phonetic writing system is at best an approximation. The orthography of English, for instance, is notoriously plagued by inconsistencies and peculiarities. The First Alphabet In about 1500 B.C., the worlds first alphabet appeared among the Semites in Canaan. It featured a limited number of abstract symbols (at one point thirty-two, later reduced to twenty-two) out of which most of the sounds of speech could be represented. The Old Testament was written in a version of this alphabet. All the worlds alphabets descend from it. After the Phoenicians (or early Canaanites) brought the Semitic alphabet to Greece, an addition was made that allowed the sounds of speech to be represented less ambiguously: vowels. The oldest surviving example of the Greek alphabet dates from about 750 B.C. This is, via Latin and give or take a few letters or accents, the alphabet in which this book is written. It has never been improved upon. (Mitchell Stephens, The Rise of the Image, the Fall of the Word. Oxford University Press, 1998) The Greek Alphabet [T]he Greek alphabet was the first whose letters recorded every significant sound element in a spoken language in a one-to-one correspondence, give or take a few diphthongs. In ancient Greece, if you knew how to pronounce a word, you knew how to spell it, and you could sound out almost any word you saw, even if youd never heard it before. Children learned to read and write Greek in about three years, somewhat faster than modern children learn English, whose alphabet is more ambiguous. (Caleb Crain, Twilight of the Books. The New Yorker, Dec. 24 31, 2007)The Greek alphabet ... is a piece of explosive technology, revolutionary in its effects on human culture, in a way not precisely shared by any other invention. (Eric Havelock, The Literate Revolution in Greece and Its Cultural Consequences. Princeton University Press, 1981) While the alphabet is phonetic in nature, this is not true of all other written languages. Writing systems ... may also be logographic, in which case the written sign represents a single word, or ideographic, in which ideas or concepts are represented directly in the form of glyphs or characters. (Johanna Drucker, The Alphabetic Labyrinth. Thames, 1995) Two Alphabets English has had two different alphabets. Prior to the Christianization of England, the little writing that was done in English was in an alphabet called the futhore or runic alphabet. The futhore was originally developed by Germanic tribes on the Continent and probably was based on Etruscan or early Italic versions of the Greek alphabet. Its association with magic is suggested by its name, the runic alphabet, and the term used to designate a character or letter, rune. In Old English, the word run meant not only runic character, but also mystery, secret.As a by-product of the Christianization of England in the sixth and seventh centuries, the English received the Latin alphabet. (C.M. Millward, A Biography of the English Language, 2nd ed. Harcourt Brace, 1996) The Dual Alphabet The dual alphabetthe combination of capital letters and small letters in a single systemis first found in a form of writing named after Emperor Charlemagne (742-814), Carolingian minuscule. It was widely acclaimed for its clarity and attractiveness, and exercised great influence on subsequent handwriting styles throughout Europe. (David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2005) The Alphabet in an Early English Dictionary If thou be desirous (gentle Reader) rightly and readily to understand, and to profit by this Table, and such like, then thou must learne the Alphabet, to wit, the order of the Letters as they stand, perfectly without book, and where every Letter standeth: as b near the beginning, n about the middest, and t toward the end. (Robert Cawdrey, A Table Alphabetical, 1604) The Lighter Side of the Alphabet Educational television ... can only lead to unreasonable disappointment when your child discovers that the letters of the alphabet do not leap up out of books and dance around with royal-blue chickens. (Fran Lebowitz) Writers spend three years rearranging 26 letters of the alphabet. Its enough to make you lose your mind day by day. (attributed to Richard Price)Dr. Bob Niedorf: Name as many mammals as you can in 60 seconds. Ready? Go.George Malley: Hmm. 60 seconds. Well, how would you like that? How about alphabetical? Aardvark, baboon, caribou, dolphin, eohippus, fox, gorilla, hyena, ibex, jackal, kangaroo, lion, marmoset, Newfoundland, ocelot, panda, rat, sloth, tiger, unicorn, varmint, whale, yak, zebra. Now varmint is a stretch; so is Newfoundland (thats a dog breed); unicorn is mythical; eohippus is prehistoric. But you werent being very specific, now, were you, Bob?Dr. Bob Niedorf: Well! Ahh, Ill, uhIll try to be more specific.(Brent Spiner and John Travolta, Phenomenon, 1996) EtymologyFrom the Greek,  alpha  Ã‚  beta Pronunciation: AL-fa-BET

American economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American economy - Essay Example The Constitution gave the country a framework to fall back on.Yet there were a lot more that needed to be plugged in.A judicial system did not exist and laws could not be framed.During 1789 to 1797,the Congress fleshed out the constitution,giving it the much-needed legal,bureaucratic,and military machThe conflict between the federalists and anti-federalists went from bad to worse and finally in 1800,the anti-federalists had their representative in the post of president – Thomas Jefferson.Washington had tried to lead the nation to greatness with the federal government.Jefferson intended to rescue the same nation from policies that had endangered its experiment in popular self-governance and had undermined the constitutional and social groundwork of a sound republican regime,from leaders whose commitment to democracy itself had seemed uncertain. The Jeffersonian democracy laid out political goals for the United States and reigned over American politics for two decades, 1800 â₠¬â€œ 1820s. Thomas Jefferson’s objectives for the country focused on the West. The spotlight was on the Yeoman farmers, who were the epitome of republican virtue and independence as compared to financiers and industrialists who were the pits of corruption. Soon after, in the years that followed, several anti-federalists were seen to join the Jeffersonian camp as well. The freedom of speech and freedom of the press were pedestalized and the anti-federalists believed that this was the only way in which to ensure that the government would not turn against its people. Violation of the rights of individuals and states were a serious offence and the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1789, that were secretly written by Jefferson and Madison publicized these principles. Despite this, this presidency witnessed an

I Believe In Wisdom Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I Believe In Wisdom - Personal Statement Example   Albeit the confusion of growing up, nothing interesting coming my way that never caught my attention. More often than not, I kept weighing the benefits that each presented in my life. When it hit me that wisdom played a considerable role in my life, I took its stand. Experiences played their part, significantly to influence this stand. This is the one believe that for a long time now has remained with me, stuck with me, and molds the person I am. In planning for my future, wisdom remains the significant factor that I put into consideration. Like a journey, my strong belief in wisdom took a rather long route. When it finally came, I doubtlessly knew where my beliefs lay; in wisdom. At a tender age, the ability of the Biblical Solomon to solve the big case of the two mothers awed me more than it amused me. The reasoning behind his ruling on the case was beyond any judgmental ruling I have ever heard of. On several occasions, I made comparisons of the ruling of my country’s j udges with the Solomon incidence. My aspirations were never on being a legal counsel, neither lawyer. Yet, my reasoning on the different ways in which I could successfully make my own personal ruling and judgments crowded my head. The difference in my way of thinking and that of legal thinking was simple; mine was not vested in any voluminous works I had learnt, or the various cases that I had read and the decisions reached in law school. Any person can make a mistake, but Solomon did not. People acquire knowledge, but wisdom develops. This made my way of thinking different from the legal school of thought, choosing conscious reasoning and thinking. I had a big thirst for sober decisions. Regrets, I suppose, befall poor planners. I did not want to become one. Every time I was faced with a trying problem, I compared this situation, weighed the chances available and thought of their outcomes. This, as I figured, would help me walk through any compromising situation. When one day my yo unger brother started developing a funny character, I put into test my wisdom. His character took a drastic change, as his school grades took a nosedive. He plummeted from a top performing student to a low ranking student. This attracted the attention of his teachers, while my parents became a worried lot. Even with mentorship, monitoring and guidance, he never seemed to change. Physically, he showed no signs of depression or stress. He was as handsome as always, and did not show any signs of weight loss. What baffled many is that while his character kept changing, his friendship never did; he kept the same friends as before. However, he ate lesser quantity of food, slept excess fully, talked less and stopped playing his favorite game, the PlayStation. Counselors thought he was suffering from stress-related problems, while my parents held a rather weird stand; he either was turning gay or was a drug addict. Perhaps his condition compared to either of these perceptions, even all. For me, this was an opportunity to test my wisdom. Wisdom does not rely on tested evidence, but on a well-reasoned decision.  

Article Review - Chapter 1 Leadership Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review - Chapter 1 Leadership - Article Example In this respect, the article provides important information about how leaders can build trust among the employees. In my opinion, this information should be treated very seriously in view of the nature of its impact upon workforce motivation. Unless the organizational workforce can trust the leadership, it will not be motivated enough to boost productivity to the maximum and the business will lose its competitiveness in a dynamic environment. In my opinion, the topic of trusted leadership is more important than ever because of the fast changing external environment. In this environment, organizations have to be dynamic to be competitive. The important components are a compelling vision, rock-solid strategy, excellent communication skills, innovative insight and a skilled team. They are the important components of a competitive organizational culture the basis of which is trusted leadership. This underscores the importance of building trust in leadership. This is a long-term process success in which leads to an organizational culture which creates competitive dynamism in a business environment which is changing constantly. Therefore trust in leadership is vital when it comes to maintaining the profit margin because it has a direct impact upon employee motivation. By emphasizing upon clarity, compassion, character, contribution, competency, connection, commitment and consistency, a leader can inspire trust the importance o f which is underscored by its impact upon both individual and business performance. Horsager, D. (2012). You can’t be a great leader without trust. Here’s how you build it. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesleadershipforum/2012/10/2

Presentation reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation reaction - Essay Example In the minds of this reviewer, perhaps the greatest strength that the presentation provided was the fact that it was able to integrate with the listener the understanding of how technology has positively affected the ability of the individual to communicate remotely such that they were unable to do in previous years. Undoubtedly, this has caused a large increase in the efficiency and availability of key decision makers regardless of where they might be at any particular point in time. By allowing these shareholders to take their work with them even when they are on the road, it is possible for them to assume a higher degree of responsibility. An additional benefit that the discussion presents is the fact that dependence upon cell phones and other related equipment does not hurt productivity due to the fact that the reachability plus dual and multifunctional nature that these devices represent allow individuals to utilize them during meetings and other such situations to both take notes and engage with other forms of work. However, the greatest weakness that the presentation did not specifically discuss was the fact that an over dependence upon technology and its application to affect communication via alternative means rather than direct or face to face has meant that a certain amount of efficiency and relationship building potential is lost. It is difficult to quantify this as a determinate measurement; however, it is reasonable to assume that as more and more people become increasingly dependent and bound to these means of expression, the ability and level to which they are able to intimate these ideas in a traditional means will necessarily become weakened; if for no other reason than due to the lack of practice of traditional means of communication that they will practice. The presentation itself was effective in integrating the basic

Video Review Control Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Video Review Control Room - Essay Example It clearly narrates the motives behind that information gathering and the way the reporters of the news agency strived to present it. The documentary also presents the motives that the US army had created behind the attack that they planned on Iraq. CHANGE OF PERCEPTION ON THE WAR ON IRAQ. The documentary highlighted quite a few points that I, as general public was unaware of earlier. It may also have owed to the propaganda by the US dominated news agencies that the side of the story narrated by the video under discussion was earlier not known to the masses. The only way a person from the general public would look at the war was just what was imposed upon them by the American Media. The video shows that the American media created a hype before the invasion. The military used its nation’s media to tell the general public that Saddam Hussain was a threatening figure. The video narrated that revenge was induced in the American public by increasing the level of danger sometimes fr om yellow to Orange and then to danger level. These terminologies convinced the general public of the USA that what their president was authorizing was just the very right thing to be done at the moment. Thus, the overall scene before the initiation of war was that the American public got threatened from the existence of Saddam Hussain. He was portrayed as being capable of possessing and operating weapons of mass destruction that was a threat to the United States of America and to the entire world on the whole. It was even propagated that Saddam could give those weapons of mass destruction to Osama bin Laden or to anyone else. Instead of letting the American public realize what war actually meant and what was the exact meaning of attacking a Sovereign nation the propaganda overshadowed their realization. This video, on the other hand told the other side of the story. It told clearly that the Americans formulated information in a manner that it would go in their favor. As quoted by a n Al-Jazeera spokesman, â€Å"We want to show that every war has a human cost. We are Arabs like them. We are Muslims like them we are with the common Iraqi man. We care for them.† (Control room, 2008) The point of view about the Iraq-US war has changed in the perspective that thousands of innocent people including women and children both. Thousands of people lost their homes. Numerous innocent of civilian families died. All this was done at the cost of enforcing democracy and that too, for the public that was being devoid of their very basic right of shelter and food. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE VIDEO. The weaknesses of the video are the weaknesses of the organization itself. The organization was an Arab based organization Owing to that they had an emotional attachment with the Iraqi nation as a whole. Though not biased in favor of the Saddam regime the reporters and other team members of Al-Jazeera had their hearts connected to the civilian public that were under the Am erican oppression. Thus they can be termed as being biased in favor of the Iraqi common man. As quoted in the earlier part of the document a spokesman of the Al-Jazeera network quoted that since he was born in Iraqi and grew up in Iraq he had his heart with the Iraqis and recognized well what they talked like and how they felt. In line of the American military and government however, the weaknesses of the organization were that they weren’

The Declaration of Bankruptcy as a Legal Way Research Proposal

The Declaration of Bankruptcy as a Legal Way - Research Proposal Example Most bankruptcies would not only involve one creditor but many. Debts are usually classified as secured and unsecured (Bankruptcy Alberta, n.d.). Secured debts originate from valuable assets that come with a security agreement allowing a creditor to take back the assets if a debtor fails to pay or abide by the terms of the agreement with the creditor. Car leases, home mortgages, rent-to-own, and other installment purchase contracts are examples of secured debts. The assets such as the car or house in these contracts are given up as collateral if the debtor is unable to pay. The second type of debts is unsecured debt. This type of debt includes credit cards, overdrafts and the general day-to-day bills that people pay on a regular basis. These debts are often referred to as trade debts. For secured debts, when a debtor is declared bankrupt, the creditor cannot make him pay and his chance to take back the assets from the debtor is very limited. For unsecured debts, the creditors cannot force a debtor who is declared bankrupt to pay regular bills. Unsecured contracts are terminated by a bankruptcy. If a debtor receives a discharge from bankruptcy, the creditor’s right to collect no longer exists. Several laws including the Bankruptcy Code enacted in 1978 govern all bankruptcy cases. The primary goal of these laws is to give debtors a financial fresh start from burdensome debt. It allows the debtor to start anew, uninhibited by the pressures and discouragements of preexisting debts. The goal to cancel debts is accomplished by a bankruptcy discharge. It is a publication that basically releases the debtor from being liable for specific debts and forbids the creditor to take any action against the debtor to collect those debts. The bankruptcy discharge is in a question-and-answer format. It seeks to provide information regarding the timing of the discharge—which of the debts are discharged and which are not, any objections to the discharge and how the dis charge can be revoked. It also includes the actions a debtor can take in the case that the creditor still collects a discharged debt after the bankruptcy is concluded. There are other parties involved in the bankruptcy. Filing bankruptcy cannot be easily done by any person who wishes to be relieved of debts. He must first be qualified to be declared bankrupt. The party responsible for this is the bankruptcy judge, who functions as a judicial officer. He decides whether or not a debtor is eligible for bankruptcy and whether or not he should be should be discharged of his debts. More often than not, the bankruptcy process is conducted away from the courthouse because it is administrative. In some cases, another party, the trustee is appointed to oversee the case. The trustee is appointed through the United States Trustee Program of the Department of Justice. He administers the bankruptcy and represents the interests of the bankruptcy estate (Shoemaker & Dart, P.S., 2010). By far, ther e had been many types of bankruptcies but generally, there are three main types. The types of bankruptcies are named after the chapters in which they appear in the Bankruptcy Code. In most resources, these three types of bankruptcies are considered the main types: Chapter 7, Chapter 11, and Chapter 13. Chapter 7 type of bankruptcy is entitled Liquidation. It is sometimes. This involves the sale for cash of nonexempt property (includes such assets as bank accounts, stocks, and bonds) and the

Video Review Control Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Video Review Control Room - Essay Example It clearly narrates the motives behind that information gathering and the way the reporters of the news agency strived to present it. The documentary also presents the motives that the US army had created behind the attack that they planned on Iraq. CHANGE OF PERCEPTION ON THE WAR ON IRAQ. The documentary highlighted quite a few points that I, as general public was unaware of earlier. It may also have owed to the propaganda by the US dominated news agencies that the side of the story narrated by the video under discussion was earlier not known to the masses. The only way a person from the general public would look at the war was just what was imposed upon them by the American Media. The video shows that the American media created a hype before the invasion. The military used its nation’s media to tell the general public that Saddam Hussain was a threatening figure. The video narrated that revenge was induced in the American public by increasing the level of danger sometimes fr om yellow to Orange and then to danger level. These terminologies convinced the general public of the USA that what their president was authorizing was just the very right thing to be done at the moment. Thus, the overall scene before the initiation of war was that the American public got threatened from the existence of Saddam Hussain. He was portrayed as being capable of possessing and operating weapons of mass destruction that was a threat to the United States of America and to the entire world on the whole. It was even propagated that Saddam could give those weapons of mass destruction to Osama bin Laden or to anyone else. Instead of letting the American public realize what war actually meant and what was the exact meaning of attacking a Sovereign nation the propaganda overshadowed their realization. This video, on the other hand told the other side of the story. It told clearly that the Americans formulated information in a manner that it would go in their favor. As quoted by a n Al-Jazeera spokesman, â€Å"We want to show that every war has a human cost. We are Arabs like them. We are Muslims like them we are with the common Iraqi man. We care for them.† (Control room, 2008) The point of view about the Iraq-US war has changed in the perspective that thousands of innocent people including women and children both. Thousands of people lost their homes. Numerous innocent of civilian families died. All this was done at the cost of enforcing democracy and that too, for the public that was being devoid of their very basic right of shelter and food. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE VIDEO. The weaknesses of the video are the weaknesses of the organization itself. The organization was an Arab based organization Owing to that they had an emotional attachment with the Iraqi nation as a whole. Though not biased in favor of the Saddam regime the reporters and other team members of Al-Jazeera had their hearts connected to the civilian public that were under the Am erican oppression. Thus they can be termed as being biased in favor of the Iraqi common man. As quoted in the earlier part of the document a spokesman of the Al-Jazeera network quoted that since he was born in Iraqi and grew up in Iraq he had his heart with the Iraqis and recognized well what they talked like and how they felt. In line of the American military and government however, the weaknesses of the organization were that they weren’

Theme Of Memory Essay Example for Free

Theme Of Memory Essay In the poem Remembrance the narrator has tried to forget the memory of her past lover. She didnt try to forget him because someone new had come into her life, but instead she had to try and forget him because the memory of him was driving her to her death! He was the one love of her life, no later light has lightened up my heaven, with his death her golden dreams perished. The anguish of that blow brought her despair, she wanted to die. She had a burning wish to hasten to the tomb with him. This is why she doesnt want to dwell too long or languish on the fact that they were severed at last by times all-severing wave. The anguish that this contemplation would cause would be enough to possibly drive her to suicide. In the poem Break, Break, Break the narrator is deeply distressed by the loss of a close friend. He reflects on the memory of his friend but is unable to express in his words his grief. He longs for both the return of his friend and the ability to express himself, And I would that my tongue could utter The thoughts that arise in me. Tennyson is bitter that the fishermans boy and the sailor lad can go on with their lives as they are unaffected by grief, but he remembers his friend and his life stands still. The intervening verses in the poem contrast the way in which life goes on around him, untouched and unconcerned by his loss. These two poems are similar in the way that the poets are both reflecting on the memory of a loved one who has died. But they also contrast in the way that Bronte has come to terms with the fact that although she will keep the memory of her loved one forever, she knows that she cannot dwell on it and must move on with her life. But Tennyson hasnt come to terms with the fact that he must move on, he hates that other people lives can go on, but his cant as he cant express his grief in words. The last two lines of the poem, But the tender grace of a day that is dead Will never come back to me. Give grounds for hope that he has come to terms with being unable to say what he deeply feels, but the reader is never told whether this allowed him to move on. Bronte was the middle on of three famous sisters (Charlotte and Anne). She also had a brother, Branwell. The family lived an isolated life on the Yorkshire moors private and reclusive. This isolation, the closeness of the sisters and their brother, and the wild beauty of their surroundings influenced and inspired them. They lived innmensely imaginative lives, creating fantasy worlds, Gondal and Angria for which they wrote stories and poems, Remembrance is one of these poems. This Historical context allows the reader to learn that Bronte wasnt actually writing this poem based on the memory of her loved one; instead she based it on the fictional memory of someone from her fantasy worlds. This really puts a spin on the poem and it allows the reader to see just how amazing Bronte was as a poet, that she could write such powerful words which werent even based on a true memory! In contrast, Tennysons poem is based on a real memory, the death of his friend. While Tennyson was at Cambridge he met Arthur Hallam, who was to become his closest friend. Hallams death, whilst travelling abroad, was a most devastating blow to Tennyson. This loss was the trigger for many of his most significant poems and Break, Break, Break could arguably be one of these poems. Even though Brontes heartfelt poem is based on a fictional memory, this doesnt make it superior to Break, Break, Break, in fact it is hard to contrast the superiority of these two poems as they are different to each other in many ways, the poets each have a different style of writing and a different way of expressing their thoughts, or in Tennysons case, trying to overcome the difficulty of expressing his grief. Both poets have used poetic features to display their memories in their words. These poems are similar in the fact that the poets have chosen to express their memories in the form of a lyrical poem. Remembrance can also be called a lament as Bronte is reflecting on the memory of the death of her loved one, and it is written in eight for line verses. This poem has a clearly defined structure and it lets the reader see that Bronte had no problem in expressing her feelings on her imaginative memory. Her memory didnt have to be real to allow her to convey the emotion which she knew her character would be feeling, she used empathy and wrote her poem through the feelings of her fictional character. Break, Break, Break is a short, sad lyrical poem. It represents a brief but important moment in time for the poet and demonstrates a circularity of form by beginning and ending with despair, as represented by the remorseless breaking of the sea on cold gray stones in verse one and again on the c rags in verse four. Each stanza consists of four lines, the first and last verses opening with the same words. The tone of Remembrance is at first questioning, then doubting, then certain and then passionately resolved. In the first two stanzas, Bronte questions not her love for her loved one but the fact that has she forgotten to love him? She has moved on and now when she is alone, her thoughts no longer hover on the place where her loved one is buried, she no longer thinks of love now. It has been fifteen years since he died and now the memory of him has come back to her, even after all this time, after all the change and suffering. Bronte doubts her memories after fifteen years and with time she has forgotten her loved one. But she says, forgive if I forget thee, she justifies why she has moved on, other desires and other hopes beset me but she says they dont lessen her love for him. Bronte was certain that all her lifes happiness was gone, no second morn has ever shone for me she knew no happiness without her love. All her happiness came from her love being alive and now that he is dead, all her lifes bliss is in the grave with him. But she goes on to say that when grief did not kill her, she realised she could function and carry on without the aid of joy. In the last two stanzas, Bronte is resolved. She controlled her despair and decided to get on with her life. Repetition of the words dare not shows her true feelings could threaten her life. It is made clear that she has not forgotten her love, but instead chooses to not think about him as she knows that if she thinks of him, it could bring about her death. Throughout the whole poem, the mood is one of despair and grief as although she has chosen to move on with her life, the fact that her loved one is dead will always remain with her until she dies. The tone of Break, Break, Break is a dejected, bitter one. Tennyson regrets the loss of his close friend. There is also a cynical tone in the reference to young people like the fishermans boy and how he shouts with his sister at play and the sailor lad, who sings in his boat on the bay. Their lives are untroubled and they havent tasted loss. Its all right for them says Tennyson implying that their time will come. Tennyson is bitter that his friend was snatched away; he is angry that no one else seems to feel his loss or is of no comfort to him. No one else shares his memories of his friend. It would seem that he wants other people to feel the way he does, to feel dejected and realise that for now there is no light at the end of the tunnel. Dejection and deep inner unhappiness suggests a mood of despair, and the last two lines could be interpreted as meaning that the poet is ready to accept the reality of his situation. The rhyme scheme throughout Remembrance is regular, its ABAB, CDCD etc. It has the regular beat of a hymn, with the emphasis tending to fall at the beginning and half way through each line. Since it has the regular beat of a hymn, we could assume it is like a funeral hymn as Bronte is thinking of her memory of her love for one who is dead. In Break, Break, Break the lines beginning in the first and last stanza with their regular rhythm and repetition, echo the relentless pounding of waves on a stony beach. The simple metre in the other lines conveys the slowness of time and the graveness of the poets situation. The rhyme scheme is ABCB and full rhymes are used, suggesting the poet has tight control of the memory of his friend. In Remembrance there is a great deal of repetition cold, severed, forget, hopes, my lifes bliss to emphasize the effect the memory of death has on the speaker. The bird metaphor in stanza two reflects the flightiness and the inconstancy of the human thought, this also includes memories, so is this why the poet, over the period of time, hasnt remembered the memory of her loved one? The change in tense in the second half of the poem heralds a change of thought and tone and answers the query raised. She does remember, only too well. Fifteen wile Decembers have not succeeded in dulling the rapturous pain of memory. The hard, unfeeling words of the first half of the poem, expressing the coldness of grief, give way in the second half to softer, hymn-like words such as bliss, golden, cherished. These words inject the poem with a passion, which reflects the depth of her emotions when she allows herself the luxury of remembrance. The title and opening line, Break, Break, Break with its repetition and pauses, echoes the crash of the waves on the shore, but the words could have other meanings in the circumstances, such as being a reference to the poets own heart that is broken over the memory of his friends death. Alliteration is used to describe the stately ships passing on their way to their haven beyond the hill. The distraction f such a splendid sight brings on reaction from Tennyson and he returns to his inner distress. The circular pattern brings the poet back to where he started, staring at the waves breaking on the crags. The choice of this word and the use of cold and grey in verse one, conveys the misery of the occasion and makes an appeal to the senses of seeing, hearing and feeling, bringing the reader into the world of the poet. I loved both these poems for different reasons. I loved Remembrance for the fact that Bronte is writing this poem based on a fictional memory. It amazes me that she can have such emotion and passion for someone who has died but never really lived. It shows that she has mastered the control of empathy. I feel that as the reader I can relate to the speakers emotions portrayed in the poem, as we will all eventually experience or suffer loss of some kind in our lives. This thought then provokes the question, is it better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all? I also love Break, Break, Break as Tennyson reveals why he has been described as the saddest of all English poets. I can appreciate this poem as the blunt, unadorned statements made in the poem show how drab, colourless and meaningless Tennysons life has become. I love the way the lasting image of this poem is the cold relentlessness of a grey sea and although an example of pathetic fallacy, it is one that stays with me.

Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride In Tablets

Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride In Tablets ABSTRACT This chapter describes method development and validation of UV First Derivative Zero Crossing method for simultaneous determination of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablet dosage forms. AIM The main aim of the present study is to develope a simple, sensitive and cost effective UV spectroscopic method for the simultaneous estimation of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablets, on the basis of zero Crossing measurement. Validation of the developed method for routine analysis of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablets for quality control laboratories. RATIONALE Alfuzosin Hydrochloride is an alpha-adrenergic blocker used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It works by relaxing the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, making it easier to urinate Dutasteride belongs to a class of drugs called 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, which block the action of the 5-alpha-reductase enzymes that convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Recently both the drugs have been marketed in combination (Alfusin D acts on both the dynamic and the static components of BPH) in tablet dosage forms; combined oral administration has been found to be more effective than either single drug. To the best of knowledge, no derivative spectroscopic method available for simultaneous determination. Derivative spectroscopy provides a greater selectivity than common spectroscopy. RESULT AND CONCLUSION A simple, accurate and precise spectroscopic method was developed for  simultaneous determination of LER and ATE in tablets using first derivative  Zero crossing method. LER shows ZCP at 231 nm while ATE shows ZCP at  250 nm. The 1D amplitude was measured at 250 nm for LER and 231 nm For  ATE and calibration curves were plotted as 1D amplitude versus concentration,  respectively. The method was found to be linear from 4-28 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for LER  (r2=0.9967) at 250 nm and 5-30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for ATE (r2=0.9996) at 231 nm. The  within day and between day variations showed coefficient of variation (%CV)  values 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.2.1 BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH): It is characterized by hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells, resulting in the formation of large, fairly discrete nodules in the periurethral region of the prostate. When sufficiently large, the nodules compress the urethral canal to cause partial, or sometimes virtually complete, obstruction of the urethra, which interferes the normal flow of urine. It leads to symptoms of urinary hesitancy, frequent urination, dysuria (painful urination), increased risk of urinary tract infections, and urinary retention. Although prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated in these patients because of increased organ volume and inflammation due to urinary tract infections, BPH is not considered to be a premalignant lesion. Adenomatous prostatic growth is believed to begin at approximately age 30 years. An estimated 50% of men have histologic evidence of BPH by age 50 years and 75% by age 80 years. In 40-50% of these patients, BPH becomes clinically significant. How does BPH occur? The prostate goes through two main periods of growth. In early puberty, the prostate doubles in size. Then, around age 25, the prostate begins to grow again and continues to grow throughout most of a mans life. The continuing enlargement of the prostate does not usually cause problems until later in life. However, the second period of growth may, many years later, result in BPH. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): BPH rarely causes symptoms before age 40. More than half of men in their 60s have some symptoms of BPH. As many as 90 percent of men in their 70s and 80s have some symptoms of BPH SYMPTOMS: Difficulty in starting to pass urine ( hesitancy) A weak stream of urine Dribbling after urinating The need to strain to pass urine Incomplete emptying of bladder Difficulty to control the urination urge Having to get up several times in the night to pass urine Feeling a burning sensation when passing urine Passing urine mixed with blood (indication of infection) Treatment of BPH   BPH may not require any form of treatment and may just be monitored for any changes or early signs of any problems. In the event that BPH has caused a urinary tract infection, the infection will be treated first with antibiotic medications and then the BPH may be treated. There are several forms of treatment that can be used for benign prostatic hyperplasia that include medications, minimally invasive therapies, and surgery. The two types of medications currently used to treat BPH are alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.   These medications can prevent the prostrate gland from growing larger and may shrink the prostrate gland in some patients.   How do Alpha blockers work: Alpha blockers work by relaxing the smooth muscle tissue in your prostate and at the opening to your bladder. When this muscle tissue relaxes, it is easier for your urine to flow. This may help if you have difficulty starting to urinate and a weak urine stream. Alpha blockers can start working within two to three days, and may relieve your urinary symptoms in about two to three weeks. However, these medications do not stop your prostate gland from continuing to enlarge. Available alpha blockers include: Cardura (doxazosin) Flomax (tamsulosin) Hytrin (terazosin) Uroxatral(alfuzosin) How do 5 alpha reductase inhibitors work The 5-alpha reductase inhibitors work by interfering with the effect of specific male hormones (androgens) on your prostate. This may slow the growth of your prostate and can even cause your prostate to get smaller, which may help improve BPH symptoms. Men with larger prostates may have a greater benefit from these medications than do men with smaller prostates. But, for some men, size (of the prostate that is) does not matter, and the 5-alpha reductase inhibitors may not give satisfactory results even if your prostate gets smaller. The 5-alpha reductase inhibitors work slowly, and they may take up to six months before you notice any improvement. Available 5-alpha reductase inhibitors include: Avodart (dutasteride) Proscar (finasteride) Both an Alpha Blocker and 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitor Depending on symptoms and the size of your prostate, your doctor may recommend a combination of an alpha-blocker with a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor. The combination of the two types of medications may help more than either medicine alone. 1.2.2 DRUG PROFILE: Alfuzosin hydrochloride: It is an alpha-adrenergic blocker Structure File:Alfuzosin.svg N-[3-[(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-quinazolin-2-yl)-methyl-amino]propyl] tetrahydrofuran- 2-carboxamide Dutasteride: It is a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structure File:Dutasteride.svg (5ÃŽÂ ±,17ÃŽÂ ²)-N-{2,5bis(trifluoromethyl) phenyl}-3-oxo-4-azaandrost-1-ene-17-carboxamide Pharmacodynamic Alfuzosin is a quinazoline-derivative alpha-adrenergic blocking agent used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Accordingly, alfuzosin is a selective inhibitor of the alpha(1) subtype of alpha adrenergic receptors. In the human prostate, alfuzosin antagonizes phenylephrine (alpha(1) agonist)-induced contractions Pharmacokinetics  and Metabolism Absorption is 50% lower under fasting conditions Volume of distribution 3.2 L/kg [healthy male middle-aged volunteers] Protein binding 82%-90% Metabolism Hepatic. Alfuzosin undergoes extensive metabolism by the liver, with only 11% of the administered dose excreted unchanged in the urine. Alfuzosin is metabolized by three metabolic pathways: oxidation, O-demethylations, and N-dealkylation. The metabolites are not pharmacologically active. CYP3A4 is the principal hepatic enzyme isoform involved in its metabolism. 1.2.3 REPORTED UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS 1.2.4 Aim and Objective of the present work: Derivative spectroscopic methods are more sensitive than other spectroscopic method according to literature there is no derivative spectroscopic method reported so there is need to develop a sensitive derivative spectroscopic method which is more sensitive than simultaneous equation method so aim is to develop and validate the first derivative Zero-Crossing UV spectrophotometric method and apply that method to simultaneous determination of these drug in marketed formulation. 1.3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 1.3.1 Chemicals and Reagents Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride ALFUSIN D (CIPLA Ltd.) containing 10 mg of Alfuzosin HCl 0.5 mg of Dutasteride were purchased from local market. Methanol of HPLC grade was purchased from Merck Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Purified Water was prepared using a Millipore Milli-Q system (Bedford, MA, USA). 1.3.2 Instrument Spectroscopic Analysis was carried out on a JascoV-650 double beam UV-Visible  spectrophotometer with software of Spectra Manager. The zero order absorption spectra were recorded over the wavelength range of 200-400 nm, against solvent blank, in quartz cuvetts with 1 cm diameter with scan speed of 100 nm/min and fixed value of slit width is 1 nm The ordinate maximum minimum were adjusted according to derivative values. 1.3.3 Development of UV first derivative Zero crossing method: As the Dutasteride is Insoluble in Water 80:20 V/V Mixture of Methanol and Water were used for method development First of all, Individual Zero orders absorption Spectra of both the drugs were recorded by scanning 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml solution. The ÃŽÂ »max of Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride was found to be 240 nm 225.5 nm respectively. We have chosen derivative spectroscopy which is based on mathematical transformation of spectra zero order curves in to derivative spectra, which allows a fast sensitive and precise resolution of a multicomponent mixture and overcomes the problem of overlapping of a multi component system. Derivative Spectroscopy on the basis of zero crossing measurement involves measurement of absolute value of total derivative spectrum at an abscissa value corresponding to the Zero Crossing wavelength of the derivative spectra of individual components, which should be only the function of the concentration of the other component. Zero crossing points of Alfuzosin HCl a nd Dutasteride were identified in first derivative spectra. the measurement exhibited the best linear response and have given a near zero intercept on the coordinate of the calibration graph, and is less affected by the concentration of  any other component. Alfuzosin HCl was determined by measurement of its 1D amplitude at the zero-crossing point of Dutasteride was determined by measurement of its1 D at the zero-crossing point of Alfuzosin HCl . 1.3.4 Preparation of stock solution Primary standard stock solution of Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride were prepared separately by dissolving accurately weighed amount (10 mg) of drug in 10 ml 80:20 V/V (MeOH:H2O) to produce a concentration of 1.00mg/mL Working standard solution of each analyte were prepared by appropriate dilution of stock solution to get 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL The further concentration required for constructing calibration curve were prepared daily by dilution of 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL working standard. Stock solution of binary mixture was prepared by dissolving accurately weighed quantities of both drugs in solvent. Further dilutions of binary mixture were made to obtain QC samples. 1.3.5 Calibration standard quality control (QC) samples The standard calibration sample were prepared by diluting working standard solution of each analyte to yield seven different concentration over the range of  3-24 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for Alfuzosin HCl 3-30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for Dutasteride . Linearity was evaluated separately for each drug using the defined analytical amplitudes (1D), with appropriate seven standard solutions. The QC sample were prepared from stock solution containing binary mixture to yield the low, medium high concentration (4,5 6ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml for Alfuzosin HCl) (20 ,25 30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mLfor Dutasteride). 1.3.6 Procedure for calibration curve Absorption derivative spectra were recorded over the range of the wavelength range 200-400 nm. Zero order spectra of standard calibration sample of 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml of each drug were recorded against blank. First order spectra were recorded with in concentration range, the value of analytical amplitude 1D231 and 1D250 for ATE LER respectively were recorded. The calibration curve for derivative spectrophotometry were constructed by plotting the drug concentration versus the absorbance values of the first derivative spectrum 1D at 1D 231 and 1D250 for ATE LER, respectively. 1.3.7 Inter-day Intra-day accuracy precision A QC standard prepared binary mixture was evaluated for Inter-day Intraday  accuracy precision. Accuracy was determined as the absolute value of the ratio of the back calculated mean values of QC to their respective nominal  values was expressed as percentage. Precision of assay was expressed as  percentage coefficient of variation (% CV) for QC sample Binary Mixture 1.3.8 Assay of Pharmaceutical dosage form A total number of 20 tablets (Alfusin D) accurately weighed and  powdered in a mortar. Quantities of the powdered tablets equivalent to 10 mg of Alfuzosin HCl 0.5 mg of Dutasteride were accurately weighed and transferred in to 100 ml volumetric flask. Weighed powder was dissolved in 80:20 V/V (MeOH:H2O) mixed thoroughly and kept under mechanical shaking for 15 minutes. Solution obtain was filtered through filter paper and diluted with same solvent to get the concentration within linearity and used for the measurement of derivative spectra. The concentration of Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride in tablet were calculated from corresponding calibration curve. 1.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1.4.1 Development of First derivative zero crossing method Derivative spectroscopy on the basis of zero crossing measurement involves measurement of absolute value of total derivative spectrum at an abscissa  value corresponding to the zero crossing wavelengths of the derivative spectra  of individual components. Which should be the function of the concentration of  other component Zero crossing points for ATE LER were found to be 211.9,  225.4, 250, 275.2, 292.2 218.4, 231, 240.7, 310.9, 362.7 nm respectively the  measurement at 250 231 exhibit best linear response. So ATE was  determined by measurement of its 1D amplitude at ZCP of LER (at 231 nm ). LER was determined by measurement of its 1D amplitude at ZCP of ATE (at  250 nm). 1.4.2 Validation23-25 1.4.2.1 Linearity Since beer law obeys between absorbance values 0.1-1, the linearity is  established by plotting points between these two readings in triplicate. for  Lercanidipine HCl linearity found to be between 3 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL to 24 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL with  typical regression equation of 0.0015x-0.0003 with regression coefficient of  0.9967 for Atenolol Linearity found to be between 3 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml to 30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml with  regression equation 0.0025x+0.0005 with regression coefficient of 0.9996. 1.4.2.2 Accuracy The accuracy of method was established in triplicate in three consecutive days. At 80%, 100% 120% of the expected sample concentration in synthetic binary mixture, the method found to be very accurate with recovery References M. VAMSI KRISHNA* and D. GOWRI SANKAR Optimization and Validation of Quantitative Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Alfuzosin in Pharmaceutical Formulations ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO E-Journal of Chemistry Safwan Ashour, M. Fawaz Chehna, Roula Bayram Spectrophotometric Determination of Alfuzosin HCl in Pharmaceutical Formulations with some Sulphonephthalein Dyes International journal of Biomedical science M. SUGUMARAN Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Alfuzosin from Its Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form J. Ind. Council Chem. Vol. 26, No. 1, 2009, pp. 47-49 SYEDA HUMAIRA, AKALANKA DEY1, S APPALA RAJU, SYED SANAULLAH Applications Of Colorimetric Methods For The Determination Of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartarate In Drug Formulations International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 2, Suppl 1, 2010 Md Ruhul Amin, Moynul Hasan, Abdullah Al Masud, Md Hanif uddin,  Md Hasanuzzaman and Mohammad Kaisarul Islam Validated Uv Spectrophotometric Method For Estimation Of Dutasteride In Tablet Dosage Form Islam M K et al. / Pharmacie Globale (IJCP) 2011, 4 (04) Kamila M. M., Mondal N Ghosh L.K A Validated Spectrophotometric Method For  Determination Of Dutasteride In Bulk Drug And Pharmaceutical Formulations International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304 Vishnu P. Choudhari*, Sacchidanand R. Gite, Rahul P. Raut, Asawaree A. Hable, Sanket R. Parekar, Bhanudas S. Kuchekar Spectrophotometric Simultaneous Determination Of Dutasteride And Tamsulosin In Combined Tablet Dosage Form By First Order Derivative Spectroscopy And Area Under Curve (Auc) Spectrophotometric Methods And Its Application To Uniformity Of Content In Tablet And Capsule ISSN 0976 -044 x Volume 2, Issue 2, May June 2010; Article 013